Self-esteem and Family Communication as Predictors of Psychological Wellbeing in Peruvian Women
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18050/psiquemag.v14i1.3261Keywords:
self-esteem, family communication, psychological well-beingAbstract
Objective: This study aimed to determine whether self-esteem and family communication predict psychological well-being in women living in Juliaca, Peru. Method: A quantitative, cross-sectional, predictive design was used. A non-probabilistic purposive sampling method was applied, with voluntary participation of 499 women aged between 18 and 56 years (M = 35.03, SD = 9.13). Three validated instruments were used: the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, the Family Communication Scale (FCS), and the Psychological Well-Being Scale for Adults (BIEPS-A). Results: Structural equation modeling (SEM) revealed an acceptable model fit: χ²(12) = 29.5, p < .001, CFI = .980, RMSEA = .053, SRMR = .030. Self-esteem significantly predicted psychological well-being (β = .78, p < .001), while family communication did not (β = .05, p = .538). The model explained 65% of the variance in psychological well-being. Conclusion: These findings highlight the central role of self-esteem in psychological well-being among women in Juliaca, emphasizing the need for interventions that foster self-worth and emotional resilience in this vulnerable population.
Downloads
References
Akram, M. (2017). Self-Esteem and Psychological Well-being among Working and Non-working Women.International Journal of Indian Psychology, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.25215/0501.077
Arcos-Romero, A., & Calvillo, C. (2023). Sexual Health and Psychological Well-Being of Women: A Systematic Review. Healthcare, 11(23), 3025. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11233025
Ato, M., López-García, J. J., & Benavente, A. (2013). Un sistema de clasificación de los diseños de investigación en psicología. Anales de Psicología, 29(3), 1038–1059. https://doi. org/10.6018/analesps.29.3.178511
Barrafrem, K., Tinghög, G., & Västfjäll, D. (2021). Trust in the government increases financial wellbeing and general well-being during COVID-19. Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Finance, 31, 100514. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. jbef.2021.100514
Bau, N., Khanna, G., Low, C., Shah, M., Sharmin, S., & Voena, A. (2022). Women’s well-being during a pandemic and its containment. Journal of Development Economics, 156, 102839. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2022.102839
Bentler, P. (1990). Comparative fit indices in structural models. Psychological Bulletin, 107(2), 238–246.
Blanco Vega, H., Jurado García, P. J., Jiménez Lira, C., Aguirre Vásquez, S. I., Peinado Pérez, J. E., Aguirre Chávez, J. F., Zueck Enríquez, M. D. C., & Blanco Ornelas, J. R. (2022). Influencia de la insatisfacción corporal y la actividad física en el bienestar psicológico de jóvenes mexicanas (Influence of body dissatisfaction and physical activity on the psychological well-being of young Mexican women). Retos, 45(4), 259–267. https:// doi.org/10.47197/retos.v45i0.91097
Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1992). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. Sociological Methods & Research, 21(2), 230–258. https://doi. org/10.1177/0049124192021002005
Casullo, M. (2022). Evaluación del Bienestar Psicológico en Iberoamérica. Paidos.
Chang, W.-H. (2020). Understanding the COVID-19 pandemic from a gender perspective. Taiwanese Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 59(6), 801– 807. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tjog.2020.09.004
Copez-Lonzoy, A. J. E., Villarreal-Zegarra, D., & PazJesús, Á. (2016). Propiedades psicométricas de la Escala de Comunicación Familiar en estudiantes universitarios / Psychometric Properties of the Family Communication Scale in College Students. Revista Costarricense de Psicología, 35(1), 31–46.
https://doi.org/10.22544/rcps.v35i01.03
D’Addario, M., Zanatta, F., Adorni, R., Greco, A., Fattirolli, F., Franzelli, C., Giannattasio, C., & Steca, P. (2021). Depression symptoms as longitudinal predictors of the psychological impact of COVID-19 pandemic in hypertensive patients. Scientific Reports, 11(1), 16496. https://doi. org/10.1038/s41598-021-96165-2
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1985). Intrinsic Motivation and Self-Determination in Human Behavior. Springer US. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899- 2271-7
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2000). The “What” and “Why” of Goal Pursuits: Human Needs and the Self-Determination of Behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 11(4), 227–268. https://doi.org/10.1207/ S15327965PLI1104_01
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2008). Facilitating optimal motivation and psychological well-being across life’s domains. Canadian Psychology/ Psychologie Canadienne, 49(1), 14–23. https:// doi.org/10.1037/0708-5591.49.1.14
Dionigi, A., Duradoni, M., & Vagnoli, L. (2021). Humor and anxiety: The relationship between the comic styles, worry and general well-being. Personality and Individual Differences, 181(December 2020), 111028. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2021.111028
Fergus, D., Chen, Y., Chuang, Y., Sandra, A., & Chuang, K . (2024). A cross-sectional analysis of gender and psychological well-being among older Taiwanese adults. Frontiers in Psychology, 15. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1392007
Frazier, D. M., & Cowan, R. G. (2020). The Correlation Between Attachment Style, Self-Esteem, and Psychological Well-Being of Fatherless Women Ages 25–55. Adultspan Journal, 19(2), 67–76. https://doi.org/10.1002/adsp.12096
García, J., Soucase, B., Sellés, P., & Martínez, E. (2013). Rol predictivo del sentido de la vida sobre el bienestar psicológico y diferencias de género. Acta Colombiana de Psicología, 16(1), 17–24. http://www.scielo.org.co/pdf/acp/v16n1/ v16n1a02.pdf
Geçer, E., & Yıldırım, M. (2023). Family Communication and Psychological Distress in the Era of COVID-19 Pandemic: Mediating Role of Coping. Journal of Family Issues, 44(1), 203–219.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X211044489
Gilligan, M., Suitor, J., Nam, S., Routh, B., Rurka, M., & Con, G. (2017). Family Networks and Psychological Well-Being in Midlife. Social Sciences, 6(3), 94. https://doi.org/10.3390/ socsci6030094
González, M., Landero,R., & Ruiz, M. (2008). Modelo estructural predictor de la salud mental y física en mujeres. Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública, 23(2):101–8. https://www.scielosp.org/ pdf/rpsp/v23n2/05.pdf
Grevenstein, D., Bluemke, M., Chwitzer, J., AguilarRaab, C. (2019). Better family relationships-- higher well-being: The connection between relationship quality and health related resources. Mental Mealth & Prevention, 14, 1-8. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.mph.2019.200160
Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2022). A primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) (Third edition). SAGE.
Huang, Xc., Zhang, Yn., Wu, Xy. et al. (2023). A cross-sectional study: family communication, anxiety, and depression in adolescents: the mediating role of family violence and problematic internet use. BMC Public Health 23, 1747. https:// doi.org/10.1186/s12889-023-16637-0
Iglesias, E., Roces García, J., Jiménez Arberas, E., & Llosa, J. A. (2022). Difference between Impacts of COVID-19 on Women and Men’s Psychological, Social, Vulnerable Work Situations, and Economic Well-Being. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(14), 8849. https:// doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19148849
Izydorczyk, B., Kwapniewska, A., Lizinczyk, S., & Sitnik-Warchulska, K. (2018). Psychological Resilience as a Protective Factor for the Body Image in Post-Mastectomy Women with Breast Cancer. International Journal Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(6):1181. https:// doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061181
Inquilla Mamani, J., Yapuchura Saico, C. R., & Inquilla Arcata, F. (2020). Entre la anomia e inhumanidad: Casos de feminicidios en la región Puno – Perú. Comuni@cción: Revista de Investigación En Comunicación y Desarrollo, 11(2), 119–130. https://doi.org/10.33595/2226- 1478.11.2.441
Ji, X. (2023). How Family Environment Influence the Social Role of Female Adolescents. Journal of Education, Humanities and Social Sciences,12, 247-253. https://doi.org/10.54097/ehss.v12i.7648
Kamberi, F., Jaho, J., Mechili, E. A., Sinaj, E., & Skendo, H. (2020). Effect of covid-19 pandemic on mental health among Albanian people residing in the country and abroad – Implications for mental care. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.apnu.2020.08.003
KavehFarsani, Z., Kelishadi, R., & Beshlideh, K. (2020). Study of the effect of family communication and function, and satisfaction with body image, on psychological well-being of obese girls: the mediating role of self-esteem and depression. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 14(1), 39. https://doi.org/10.1186/ s13034-020-00345-3
Klainin-Yobas, P., Vongsirimas, N., Ramirez, D., Sarmiento, J., Fernandez, Z. (2021). Evaluating the relationships among stress, resilience and psychological well-being among young adults: a structural equation modelling approach. BMC Nursing, 20, 119. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912- 021-00645-9
Kuhn, U., Klaas, H. S., Antal, E., Dasoki, N., Lebert, F., Lipps, O., Monsch, G.-A., Refle, J.-E., Ryser, V.-A., Tillmann, R., & Voorpostel, M. (2021). Who is most affected by the Corona crisis? An analysis of changes in stress and well-being in Switzerland. European Societies, 23(sup1), S942–S956. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616696.2020.1839671
Lau, R. W. K. (2019). You Are Not Your PhD:Managing Stress During Doctoral Candidature. In Wellbeing in Doctoral Education (pp. 47–
58). Springer Nature Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-9302-0_6
Martínez Pajuelo, A. R., Irrazabal Ramos, J. E., & Lazo-Porras, M. (2022). Anxiety, Depression, and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Symptomatology According to Gender in HealthCare Workers during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Peru Shortened Title: “Psychological Impact of the Pandemic on Women.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(19), 11957. https://doi.org/10.3390/ ijerph191911957
Matud, M. P., López-Curbelo, M., & Fortes, D. (2019). Gender and Psychological Well-Being. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(19), 3531. https://doi. org/10.3390/ijerph16193531
McGregor, I., & Little, B. R. (1998). Personal projects, happiness, and meaning: On doing well and being yourself. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(2), 494–512. https://doi. org/10.1037/0022-3514.74.2.494
Muthen, L., & Muthen, B. (2017). MPlus user’ guide (8th ed.). https://www.statmodel.com/ html_ug.shtml
O’Donnell, A. J., Sánchez, B., & Grant, K. E. (2021). Latinx adolescents’ trust in adults: A precursor to psychological well‐being via mentoring relational quality and self‐esteem. Journal of Community Psychology, February, 1–19. https:// doi.org/10.1002/jcop.22748
Oh, S.-H., Lee, S. Y., & Han, C. (2021). The Effects of Social Media Use on Preventive Behaviors during Infectious Disease Outbreaks: The Mediating Role of Self-relevant Emotions and Public Risk Perception. Health Communication, 36(8), 972– 981. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2020.1724 639
Olson, D., Gorall, D., & Tiesel, J. (2006). FACES IV Package. Administration Manual.
Organización Mundial de la Salud / World Health Organization. (2022). Climate action must include mental health. WHO. https://www.who.int/es/ news/item/03-06-2022-why-mental-health-is-apriority-for-action-on-climate-change
Pari, Y. (2019). Use of smartphones in family relationships of university students of the Nacional del Altiplano University of Puno. Comuni@cción: Revista de Investigación En Comunicación y Desarrollo, 10(2), 151–159.
https://doi.org/10.33595/2226-1478.10.2.387
Pepping, C. A., O’Donovan, A., & Davis, P. J. (2013). The positive effects of mindfulness on selfesteem. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 8(5), 376–386. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2013. 807353
Poudel, A., Gurung, B., & Khanal, G. P. (2020). Perceived social support and psychological wellbeing among Nepalese adolescents: the mediating role of self-esteem. BMC Psychology, 8(1), 43. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-020- 00409-1
Rehman, A. U., You, X., Wang, Z., & Kong, F. (2021). The link between mindfulness and psychological well-being among university students: The mediating role of social connectedness and self-esteem. Current Psychology. https://doi. org/10.1007/s12144-021-02428-6
Reyes, S. E., & Oyola, M. S. (2022). Funcionalidad familiar y conductas de riesgo en estudiantes universitarios de ciencias de la salud. Comuni@ cción: Revista de Investigación en Comunicación y Desarrollo, 13(2), 127–137. https://doi. org/10.33595/2226-1478.13.2.687
Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the Adolescent Self-Image. Princeton University Press. https://press.princeton.edu/books/ hardcover/9780691649443/society-and-theadolescent-self-image
Rosseel, Y. (2012). lavaan : An R Package for Structural Equation Modeling. Journal of Statistical Software, 48(2), 1–93. https://doi. org/10.18637/jss.v048.i02
Ryff, C. D. (1995). Psychological Well-Being in Adult Life. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 4(4), 99–104. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721. ep10772395
Ryff, C. D., & Keyes, C. L. M. (1995). The Structure of Psychological Well-Being Revisited. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69(4), 719– 727.
Sabik, N. J., Falat, J., & Magagnos, J. (2020). When Self-Worth Depends on Social Media Feedback: Associations with Psychological Well-Being. Sex Roles, 82(7–8), 411–421. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s11199-019-01062-8
Schumacker, R. E., & Lomax, R. G. (2016). A beginner’s guide to structural equation modeling (Fourth edition). Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group.
Sezer, Ö., Başoğlu, M. A., & Dağdeviren, H. N. (2022). An examination of cyberchondria’s relationship with trait anxiety and psychological well-being in women of reproductive age: A cross-sectional study. Medicine, 101(46), e31503.
https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000031503
Shon, E. J., & Lee, L. (2024). Structural equation modeling for the effects of family dysfunctions and communication on perceived mental health status among under/graduate students in the US. Plos one, 19(4), e0301914. https://doi.org/10.1371/ journal.pone.0301914
Tabrizi, J.S., Doshmangir, L., Khoshmaram, N., Shakibazadeh, E., Mashhadi, H., & Khabiri, R. (2024). Key factors affecting health promoting behaviors among adolescents: a scoping review. BMC Health Services Research 24, 58 https://doi. org/10.1186/s12913-023-10510-x
Tekkas Kerman, K., Albayrak, S., Arkan, G., Ozabrahamyan, S., & Beser, A. (2022). The effect of the COVID-19 social distancing measures on Turkish women’s mental well-being and burnout levels: A cross-sectional study. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 31(4), 985– 1001. https://doi.org/10.1111/inm.13009
Thibaut, F. (2017). Anxiety disorders: a review of current literature. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience, 19(2), 87–88. https://doi. org/10.31887/DCNS.2017.19.2/fthibaut
Vall-Roqué, H., Andrés, A., & Saldaña, C. (2021). The impact of COVID-19 lockdown on social network sites use, body image disturbances and self-esteem among adolescent and young women. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 110, 110293. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2021.110293
Vargas, K. R., & Callata, Z. E. (2021). La felicidad en tiempos de pandemia y educación virtual: un estudio en universitarios del Altiplano. Comuni@ cción: Revista de Investigación En Comunicación y Desarrollo, 12(2), 111–120. https://doi. org/10.33595/2226-1478.12.2.493
Ventura-León, J., Caycho-Rodriguez, T., BarbozaPalomino, M., & Salas, G. (2018). Evidencias psicométricas de la Escala de Autoestima de Rosenberg en adolescentes Limeños. [Psychometric evidence of Rosenberg SelfEsteem Scale in adolescents from Lima.]. Revista Interamericana de Psicología, 52(1), 44–60. https://journal.sipsych.org/index.php/IJP/ article/view/363
Verleye, H., Lambrechts, F., Voordeckers, W & Umans, I. (2024). Exploring the moderating effect of family communication patterns on the family CEO characteristics – family firm internationalization relationship. European Management Journal. Available online. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.emj.2024.10.007
Wong, B. Y.-M., Ho, S. Y., Sit, S. M. M., Gong, W. J., Lai, A. Y. K., Wang, M. P., & Lam, T. H. (2022). Association of family wellbeing with forwarding and verifying COVID-19-related information, and mediation of family communication quality. Frontiers in Public Health, 10. https://doi. org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.948955
Yan, W., Yang, K., Wang, Q., You, X., & Kong, F. (2020). Subjective Family Socioeconomic Status and Life Satisfaction in Chinese Adolescents: The Mediating Role of Self-Esteem and Social Support. Youth & Society, 0044118X2094134.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Elizabeth Apaza-Pari, Josué Edison Turpo Chaparro, Oscar Javier Mamani-Benito, Ronald Castillo-Blanco, Renzo Felipe Carranza Esteban, Tomás Caycho-Rodríguez
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
You are free to:
- Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format
- The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms.
Under the following terms:
-
Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
