Beyond Positivism: Exploring Empirical Methodologies in Neopositivism and Postpositivism Towards Critical Neuropositivism

Abstract

This article proposes a critical reflection on the limits of classical positivism and the need for new methodological approaches that respond to the challenges of the contemporary digital world. Its purpose is to introduce Critical Neuropositivism, an integrative framework that combines scientific objectivity with neurocognitive understanding and ethical reflection. The objective of this study is to develop a methodological proposal capable of analyzing cognitive, emotional, and perceptual processes in immersive digital environments, particularly in relation to the metaverse and generative artificial intelligence (IAgen). The research adopts a qualitative, theoretical-reflexive approach, supported by critical documentary analysis and a transdisciplinary review of philosophical, neuroscientific, and technological sources. Among the main findings, the need to overcome the reductionist vision of positivism stands out, incorporating elements such as digital neuroplasticity, virtual identity, and the emotional impact of immersive environments. It is concluded that Critical Neuropositivism offers a solid and flexible methodological path to investigate human experience in digital contexts, allowing an empirical approach without losing sight of the ethical, social and philosophical context in which knowledge is produced.