Prevalence of sequelae in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus surviving COVID-19
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18050/revistamedicavallejiana.v11i2.04Keywords:
Post COVID-19 syndrome, sequelae, diabetes mellitus, COVID-19Abstract
Objective: To assess whether there is an association between the prevalence of sequelae due to COVID-19 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Material and methods: Cross-sectional analytical design. A structured questionnaire, validated by experts, was applied by telephone to patients who had been discharged for at least three months, and clinical data was obtained from their medical records. An informed consent was applied. Results: 52% were male (p=0,5); the median age was 57 years (IQR: 21), and the time between discharge and interview was 9 months. The severity of COVID-19 was: moderate 51%, severe 38%, critical 9%; diabetics 23,75% (p<0,05). An association was found between general sequelae and diabetes (OR=3,04, CI95%: 1,51-6,13, p: 0,001, RPa: 2,4), followed by cardiovascular sequelae (OR=2,91, CI95%: 1,57-5,38, p: 0,000, RPa: 2,1). Of the 57 diabetics, 85,9% had sequelae due to COVID-19; and of the 183 non-diabetics, 68,3% (p: 0,009, OR: 2,84, 95% CI: 1,26-6,38, PRc: 2,32). Conclusions: The prevalence of sequelae due to COVID-19 was higher in diabetic patients than in non-diabetic patients; the most frequent type of sequelae was fatigue.
References
Díaz F, Toro A. SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19: el virus, la enfermedad y la pandemia. Artículo de revisión médica colombiana. 2020; 24 (3): 183-205. Disponible en: https://medicinaylaboratorio.com/index.php/myl/article/view/268/256
Peacock TP, Penrice-Randal R, Hiscox JA, Barclay WS. SARS-CoV-2 one year on: evidence for ongoing viral adaptation. J Gen Virol. 2021 Apr;102(4):001584. doi: 10.1099/jgv.0.001584
COVID-19: número de muertes a nivel mundial por continente en 2022. Statista Research Department. 2022. [citado 23 de junio de 2022] Recuperado a partir de: https://es.statista.com/estadisticas/1107719/covid19-numero-de-muertes-a- nivel-mundial-por-region/#statisticContainer
Ortiz-Prado E, Simbaña-Rivera K, Gómez-Barreno L, Rubio-Neira M, Guaman LP, Kyriakidis NC, et al. Clinical, molecular, and epidemiological characterization of the SARS-CoV-2 virus and the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), a comprehensive literature review. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2020 Sep; 98(1):115094. doi: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2020.115094
Formiga F, Tarazona FJ. Diabetes y COVID-19 en el adulto mayor, simbiosis nociva. Revista Española de Geriatría y Gerontología. 2020 Nov; 55(6):315- 316. doi: 10.1016/j.regg.2020.07.006
Carrillo-Larco RM, Bernabé-Ortiz A. Diabetes mellitus tipo 2 en Perú: una revisión sistemática sobre la prevalencia e incidencia en población general. Rev Peru Med Exp Salud Publica. 2019;36(1):26-36. doi:10.17843/rpmesp.2019.361.4027
Bellido V, Pérez A, Consequences of COVID-19 on people with diabetes, Endocrinología, Diabetes y Nutrición (English ed.), 2020 Jun; 67(6):355-356. doi:10.1016/j.endien.2020.04.008
Shang L, Shao M, Guo Q, Shi J, Zhao Y, Xiaokereti J, Tang B. Diabetes Mellitus is Associated with Severe Infection and Mortality in Patients with COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Arch Med Res. 2020 Oct; 51(7):700-709. doi: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2020.07.005
Kaminska H, Szarpak L, Kosior D, Wieczorek W, Szarpak A, Al-Jeabory M, et al. Impact of diabetes mellitus on in-hospital mortality in adult patients with COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Diabetol. 2021 Aug; 58(8):1101-1110. doi: 10.1007/s00592-021-01701-1
Torres-Tamayo M, Caracas-Portillo NA, Peña-Aparicio B, Juárez-Rojas JG, Medina-Urrutia AX, Martínez-Alvarado MR. Coronavirus infection in patients with diabetes. Cardiovasc Metab Sci. 2020; 31(3):235-246. doi:10.35366/93954
Kim MK, Jeon JH, Kim SW, Moon JS, Cho NH, Han E, et al. The Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes of Patients with Moderate-to-Severe Coronavirus Disease 2019 Infection and Diabetes in Daegu, South Korea. Diabetes Metab J. 2020 Aug; 44(4):602-613. doi: 10.4093/dmj.2020.0146
Yu B, Li C, Sun Y, Wang DW. Insulin Treatment Is Associated with Increased Mortality in Patients with COVID-19 and Type 2 Diabetes. Cell Metab. 2021 Jan 5;33(1):65-77.e2. doi: 10.1016/j.cmet.2020.11.014
Liao YH, Zheng JQ, Zheng CM, Lu KC, Chao YC. Novel Molecular Evidence Related to COVID-19 in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus. J Clin Med. 2020 Dec 7;9(12):3962. doi: 10.3390/jcm9123962
Paz-Ibarra J. Manejo de la diabetes mellitus en tiempos de COVID-19. Acta Med Peru. 2020; 37(2):176-85. doi: https://doi. org/10.35663/amp.2020.372.962
Plasencia TM, Aguilera R, Almaguer LE. Comorbilidades y gravedad clínica de la COVID-19: revisión sistemática y meta-análisis. Rev haban cienc méd [Internet]. 2020; 19(sUPL.): e3389. Disponible en: http://www.revhabanera.sld.cu/index.php/rhab/article/view/3389
Organización Panamericana de la Salud / Organización Mundial de la Salud. Alerta Epidemiológica: COVID-19, complicaciones y secuelas. 12 de agosto de 2020, Washington, D.C. OPS/OMS. 2020. Disponible en: https://iris.paho.org/bitstream/handle/10665.2/52612/EpiUpdate12August20 20_spa.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y
Viswanathan V, Puvvula A, Jamthikar AD, Saba L, Johri AM, Kotsis V, et al. Bidirectional link between diabetes mellitus and coronavirus disease 2019 leading to cardiovascular disease: a narrative review. World J Diabetes. 2021 Mar 15; 12(3):215-237. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v12.i3.215
Fernández A, Barisani JL, Guetta J, Bosio M, Chertcoff J, Marino J, et al. COVID-19. Su repercusión cardiovascular. Una revisión. Rev Argent Cardiol 2020; 88:253-274. Doi: http://dx.doi.org/107775/rac.es.v88.i3.18230
Dennis A, Wamil M, Alberts J, Oben J, Cuthbertson DJ, Wootton D, et al. COVERSCAN study investigators. Multiorgan impairment in low-risk individuals with post-COVID-19 syndrome: a prospective, community-based study. BMJ Open. 2021 Mar 30; 11(3):e048391. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020- 048391
Li G, Du L, Cao X, Wei X, Jiang Y, Lin Y, et al. Follow-up study on serum cholesterol profiles and potential sequelae in recovered COVID-19 patients. BMC Infect Dis. 2021 Mar 24; 21(1):299. doi: 10.1186/s12879-021-05984-1
Willi S, Lüthold R, Hunt A, Hänggi NV, Sejdiu D, Scaff C, et al. COVID-19 sequelae in adults aged less than 50 years: A systematic review, Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease. 2021; 40: 101995. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmaid.2021.101995.
Akter F, Mannan A, Mehedi H, Rob A, Ahmed S, Salauddin A, et al. Clinical characteristics and short-term outcomes after recovery from COVID-19 in patients with and without diabetes in Bangladesh, Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews. 2020; 14(6): 2031-2038. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2020.10.016
Carfì A, Bernabei R, Landi F; Gemelli Against COVID-19 Post-Acute Care Study Group. Persistent Symptoms in Patients After Acute COVID-19. JAMA. 2020; 324(6):603-605. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.12603
Peghin M, Palese A, Veturini M, Curcio F, Isla M, Tascini C. Post-COVID-19 symptoms 6 months after acute infection among hospitalized and non- hospitalized patients, Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 2021; 27(10):1507- 1513. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2021.05.033
Romero-Duarte, Á., Rivera-Izquierdo, M., Guerrero-Fernández de Alba, I. et al. Sequelae, persistent symptomatology and outcomes after COVID-19 hospitalization: the ANCOHVID multicentre 6-month follow-up study. BMC Med 19, 129 (2021). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-021-02003-7
Fahad M, Iam K, Sounderajah V, Clarke J, Ashrafian H, Darzi A. Characteristics and predictors of acute and chronic post-COVID syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis, EClinicalMedicine, 2021; 36: 100899. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.100899
Camargo W, Lozada I, Escobar A, Navarro A, Moscote L, Pacheco A, et al. Post-COVID 19 neurological syndrome: Implications for sequelae’s treatment, Journal of Clinical Neuroscience, 2021; 88: 219-225. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocn.2021.04.001.
Gianella P, Rigamonti E, Marando M, Tamburello A, Grazioli L, Argentieri G, et al. Clinical, radiological and functional outcomes in patients with SARS- CoV-2 pneumonia: a prospective observational study. BMC Pulm Med. 2021 Apr 26;21(1):136. doi: 10.1186/s12890-021-01509-3.
Wu Z, McGoogan JM. Characteristics of and Important Lessons From the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Outbreak in China: Summary of a Report of 72 314 Cases From the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. JAMA. 2020;323(13):1239-1242. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.2648
LaVergne SM, Stromberg S, Baxter BA, Webb TL, Dutt TS, Berry K, et al. A longitudinal SARS-CoV-2 biorepository for COVID-19 survivors with and without post-acute sequelae. BMC Infect Dis. 2021 Jul 13; 21(1):677. doi: 10.1186/s12879-021-06359-2.
Song S, Zhang S, Wang Z, Wang S, Ma Y, Ma P, et al. Association Between Longitudinal Change in Abnormal Fasting Blood Glucose Levels and Outcome of COVID-19 Patients Without Previous Diagnosis of Diabetes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2021 Mar 30; 12:640529. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2021.640529
Lima M, Carrera C, Madera M, Marín W, Contreras M. COVID-19 y diabetes mellitus: una relación bidireccional, Clínica e Investigación en Arteriosclerosis. 2021; 33(3): 151-157. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arteri.2020.10.001.
Lim S, Bae JH, Kwon HS, Nauck MA. COVID-19 y diabetes mellitus: de la fisiopatología al manejo clínico. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2021; 17 (1): 11-30. doi: 10.1038 / s41574-020-00435-4
Orioli L, Hermans MP, Thissen JP, Maiter D, Vandeleene B, Yombi JC. COVID-19 in diabetic patients: Related risks and specifics of management. Ann Endocrinol (Paris). 2020; 81(2-3):101-109. doi: 10.1016/j.ando.2020.05.001
Azar WS, Njeim R, Fares AH, Azar NS, Azar ST, Eid A, et al. COVID-19 and diabetes mellitus: how one pandemic worsens the other. Rev Endocr Metab Disord. 2020; 21(4):451-463. doi:10.1007/s11154-020-09573-6
Han M, Ma K, Wang X, Yan W, Wang H, You J, et al. Immunological Characteristics in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Among COVID-19 Patients. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2021; 12:596518. doi:10.3389/fendo.2021.596518
Mrigpuri P, Sonal S, Spalgais S, Goel N, Menon B, Kumar R. Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus: A risk factor for post COVID fibrosis. Monaldi Arch Chest Dis [Internet]. 2021 Jan. 25 [cited 2021 Jul. 21];91(1). Disponible en: https://monaldi-archives.org/index.php/macd/article/view/1607
Fernández-de-Las-Peñas C, Palacios-Ceña D, Gómez-Mayordomo V, Cuadrado ML, Florencio LL. Defining Post-COVID Symptoms (Post-Acute COVID, Long COVID, Persistent Post-COVID): An Integrative Classification. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021; 18(5):2621. doi:10.3390/ijerph18052621
Garrigues E, Janvier P, Kherabi Y, Le Bot A, Hamon A, Gouze H, et al. Post- discharge persistent symptoms and health-related quality of life after hospitalization for COVID-19. J Infect. 2020; 81(6):e4-e6. doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2020.08.029
Rudroff T, Fietsam AC, Deters JR, Bryant AD, Kamholz J. Post-COVID-19 Fatigue: Potential Contributing Factors. Brain Sci. 2020;10(12):1012. doi:10.3390/brainsci10121012
Wijeratne T, Crewther S. Post-COVID 19 Neurological Syndrome (PCNS); a novel syndrome with challenges for the global neurology community. J Neurol Sci. 2020; 419:117179. doi: 10.1016/j.jns.2020.117179
Herman-Edelstein M, Guetta T, Barnea A, Waldman M, Ben-Dor N, Barac Y, et al. Expression of the SARS-CoV-2 receptorACE2 in human heart is associated with uncontrolled diabetes, obesity, and activation of the renin angiotensin system. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2021; 20(1):90. doi:10.1186/s12933-021-01275-w
Maltezou HC, Pavli A, Tsakris A. Post-COVID Syndrome: An Insight on Its Pathogenesis. Vaccines (Basel). 2021; 9(5):497. doi:10.3390/vaccines9050497
Abu-Farha M, Al-Mulla F, Thanaraj TA, Kavalakatt S, Ali H, Ghani M, et al. Impact of Diabetes in Patients Diagnosed With COVID-19. Front Immunol. 2020; 11:576818. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.576818
Corrao S, Pinelli K, Vacca M, Raspanti M, Argano C. Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and COVID-19: A Narrative Review. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2021; 12:609470. doi:10.3389/fendo.2021.609470
Velasco V, Martinez V, Hernandez J, Huazano F, Nieves A. Muestreo y tamaño de muestra. Una guía práctica para personal de salud que realiza investigación. Primera edición virtual y en papel, e-libro.net, Buenos Aires. 2003. ISBN 987-9499-36-0
Taribagil P, Creer D, Tahir H. Síndrome de 'Long COVID'. BMJ Case Rep. 2021; 14 (4): e241485. Doi: 10.1136 / bcr-2020-241485
Hernández R, Fernández P Baptista C. Metodología de la investigación 5ª ed. Editorial Mac Graw Hill. 2010
Declaración de Helsinki de La Asociación Médica Mundial. Principios éticos para las investigaciones médicas en seres humanos. 2008 (Citado 23 de Ocubre del 2020). Disponible en: https://www.wma.net/es/policies- post/declaracion-de-helsinki-de-la-amm-principios-eticos-para-las- investigaciones-medicas-en-seres-humanos/
Escuela de Medicina de la Pontificia Universidad de Chile. Epicentro. Medidas de asociación en epidemiología. Disponible en: https://ccp.ucr.ac.cr/cursos/epidistancia/contenido/3_epidemiologia.htm
LaVergne SM, Stromberg S, Baxter BA, Webb TL, Dutt TS, Berry K, et al. A longitudinal SARS-CoV-2 biorepository for COVID-19 survivors with and without post-acute sequelae. BMC Infect Dis. 2021 Jul 13; 21(1):677. doi: 10.1186/s12879-021-06359-2.
A.V. Raveendran, Anoop Misra, Post COVID-19 Syndrome (“Long COVID”) and Diabetes: Challenges in Diagnosis and Management, Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews. 2021; 15 (5):102235. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2021.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
