ISSN: 1817-2075 (Impreso) DOI: 10.18050/revistamedicavallejiana Revista Médica Vallejiana (rev. med. vallejiana) es una revista que pone a disposición de los profesionales de las ciencias de la salud, un conjunto de artículos e investigaciones idóneas, así como temas de revisión actualizados, contribuyendo con el fortalecimiento del conocimiento a través de la investigación y la educación superior. Registrada/Indizada: Latindex catálogo, BVS (Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde), MIAR (Ver más). Editada por: Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad César Vallejo.
Predictive models for the assessment of the risk of death due to acute coronary ischemic syndrome: review of scientific literature
Acute coronary ischemic syndrome (ACS) is a form of cardiovascular disease (CVD), which is considered a global public health problem, due to its high mortality rate among the adult population. The use of predictive models to assess the risk of death from AIDS is fundamental, but little known and used in clinical practice. In this sense, this review aimed to identify predictive models that assess the risk of mortality from SICA, through a review process of the scientific literature. A search strategy based on the PEO components (population, exposure and outcome) was designed. Search terms such as population, acute coronary syndrome, predictive models and death were used, as well as thesauri, related terms and in English, with which search algorithms were generated for the SCOPUS, Web of Science, EMBASE and PubMed information bases. We found 5110 articles, of which 168 duplicates were eliminated, 5080 were excluded (due to language, age and accessibility) and 21 because they did not contain the study variables. The results show 9 articles whose findings show the predictive models TIMI, GRACE and HEART, as the most used. The results obtained by these 3 predictive models were significantly associated with mortality (p<0,001), and with AUC values greater than 0,80. It is concluded that the TIMI, GRACE and HEART models are suitable for assessing the risk of death from AIDS. Its use is important to strengthen strategies that improve CVD prevention and control actions.
Copyright (c) 2023 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Frequency of prediabetes and risk factors in residents of a district of La Libertad, Peru 2021
Objective: To determine the prevalence of prediabetes and its risk factors in the residents of the Los Laureles sector of the El Porvenir-La Libertad district during the year 2021. Material and Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study of the census that included 50 people over 25 years of age during the months of July-December 2021, to whom a structured questionnaire was applied, their pressure was taken and a blood sample was requested for fasting glycemic measurement and lipid profile. Results: The prevalence of prediabetes was 20% and the frequency of risk factors were: First degree family history with Diabetes Mellitus 26%, Overweight 18%, Obesity 10%, Hypercholesterolemia 30%, LDL levels increased 28%, low levels HDL 16% and hypertriglyceridemia 28% and 22% High blood pressure. Conclusion: The prevalence of prediabetes in this human settlement was similar to that found in other investigations. The frequency of family history of DM2, elevated LDL cholesterol, obesity, overweight and arterial hypertension was lower compared to other studies; the frequency of hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia was higher than that reviewed in other investigations. Finally, only similarity was found in the amount of decreased HDL cholesterol with other studies.
Older adult dependency as a risk factor for developing depression in older adults
The present study was carried out with the objective of verifying the relationship between functional dependence and depression in the elderly. The methodology used corresponds to an applied, observational study; Analytical analysis of cases and controls, the sample consisted of 180 older adults who met the selection criteria, of which 60 had functional dependence and depression. The Abbreviated Yesavage Scale and the Katz Index were used as evaluation instruments. As a result, the odds ratio was 2,5 with a confidence interval of 1,32 – 4,72 with a p-value of 0,004. And of the older adults with functional dependency, 60% appeared depression and 37,5% did not appear. It is concluded that there is a direct relationship between functional dependence and depression. And that the proportion of functional dependence with depression was higher compared to those who did not appear depression. Likewise, depression does represent a risk factor in older adults with functional dependency.
Caregiver burden and perceived social support in caregivers of older adults
Objective: To establish if there is an association between caregiver burden and perceived social support in caregivers of older adults. Material and methods: A correlational, cross-sectional study was carried out in a sample of 138 caregivers of older adults to whom the Zarit Scale and the Multidimensional Perceived Social Support Scale were applied. Results: Most caregivers (84,8%) bear overload; Social support predominates at a low level (69,9%). Conclusions: There is a mean inverse correlation (- 0,240) between caregiver burden and perceived social support in caregivers of older adults; it has been determined that the majority of caregivers (84,8%) bear an overload; In all the dimensions of Social Support, the Low level predominates, so that most caregivers perceive a low level of Social Support; there is an inverse correlation between the Overload variable and the Family Support dimension; there is no correlation between Overload and Support from Friends; and there is an inverse correlation between Overload and Support from Significant Others.
Prevalence of sequelae in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus surviving COVID-19
Objective: To assess whether there is an association between the prevalence of sequelae due to COVID-19 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Material and methods: Cross-sectional analytical design. A structured questionnaire, validated by experts, was applied by telephone to patients who had been discharged for at least three months, and clinical data was obtained from their medical records. An informed consent was applied. Results: 52% were male (p=0,5); the median age was 57 years (IQR: 21), and the time between discharge and interview was 9 months. The severity of COVID-19 was: moderate 51%, severe 38%, critical 9%; diabetics 23,75% (p<0,05). An association was found between general sequelae and diabetes (OR=3,04, CI95%: 1,51-6,13, p: 0,001, RPa: 2,4), followed by cardiovascular sequelae (OR=2,91, CI95%: 1,57-5,38, p: 0,000, RPa: 2,1). Of the 57 diabetics, 85,9% had sequelae due to COVID-19; and of the 183 non-diabetics, 68,3% (p: 0,009, OR: 2,84, 95% CI: 1,26-6,38, PRc: 2,32). Conclusions: The prevalence of sequelae due to COVID-19 was higher in diabetic patients than in non-diabetic patients; the most frequent type of sequelae was fatigue.
Spirometry in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus
Objective: To determine if the spirometric evaluation in patients infected with HIV is different than that of those not infected with HIV. Material and Methods: An analytical study of double retrospective cohort was carried out. The study sample consisted of 22 patients who have met the selection criteria divided in equal proportion into two groups HIV(+) and HIV(-) who underwent a spirometry. A linear regression test was used with a model considering only age, sex and HIV status as intervening factors, considering significance (p value) of < 0,05. The study was conducted at the Victor Lazarte Echegaray Hospital in Trujillo. Results: In the HIV(+) group, a normal spirometric pattern was found in 36,36% of the participants and an altered spirometric pattern in 63,64%. In the HIV(-) group a normal spirometric pattern was found in 72,72% and an altered spirometric pattern in 27,27%. In the linear regression model, no statistical significance was found when compared with age, sex or HIV condition. Conclusion: Spirometries are similar regardless of the HIV condition but this is affected by the sample size.
Psoriasis as a risk factor for heart failure in adults
The aim of the present investigation was to demonstrate whether psoriasis is a risk factor for heart failure in adults, which was developed in adults attending the cardiology clinic of the Trujillo Regional Teaching Hospital. Material and methods. A case-control study was proposed with a sample of 744 people with a ratio of 3 controls for each case. Results: Psoriasis was present in 4% of the patients with congestive heart failure and in 1,3% of the population without congestive heart failure, finding a p= 0.031. In addition, an odds ratio of 3,08 with a 95% CI of 1,05 – 9,01 was obtained. Conclusions: The proportion of psoriasis exposure was higher in patients with heart failure compared to those without heart failure, and patients with psoriasis have two times the risk of developing congestive heart failure than those without psoriasis.
Importance of scientific research in the health institutes of the La Libertad Region in Peru: registration and sub-registration in Scopus
Excellent reliability of the pocket thermal imager to support the diagnosis of diabetic peripheral neuropathy in primary care
The objective of this study was to calculate the reliability of plantar thermographic measurements (PTM) of FLIR C2 camera according to repeatability and concordance in the diagnosis of diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) in primary healthcare. A methodology was performed in 20 diabetic patients which were attended into an ambulatory medical unit were evaluated to the diagnosis of DPN using infrared thermography by FLIR C2 and FLIR E60 camera. PTM was localized in hallux, the base of the 1st metatarsal, the base of the 3rd metatarsal, the base of the 5th metatarsal and heel. Five PTM of each foot was performed according to the American Academy of thermology in two different days using FLIR C2 camera to calculate repeatability. Five PTM of each foot were compared by FLIR C2 respect to FLIR E60 camera to calculate concordance. The results in 20 diabetic patients were 58,34 ± 8,3 years old and predominant gender was male in 68%. Analysis of repeatability has resulted in an Inter Class Concordance (ICC) in 0,88 for FLIR C2 and concordance has resulted in an ICC in 0,85 for FLIR C2 respect to FLIR E60. The conclusion was the use of the FLIR C2 camera was reliable due to excellent repeatability and concordance of PTM in diabetic patients in primary healthcare.
Usefulness of Trigonella foenum-graecum in breast milk as an alternative and complementary medicine
The purpose of the bibliographic review article focuses on the main objective of analyzing information about the usefulness of Trigonella foenum-graecum “fenugreek” in breast milk as an alternative and complementary medicine. It is a descriptive, non-experimental study, for which 9 articles with a publication time of no more than 15 years old were selected. The results found for the usefulness of Trigonella foenum-graecum in breast milk were that, increases its production up from 20 to 100% in volume, increases prolactin levels and the weight of the infant of mothers who consume Trigonella foenum -graecum for a period of one month. It was concluded that Trigonella foenum-graecum is useful in breast milk mainly by increasing its production, being able to be used as part of alternative and complementary medicine due to its safe use in mothers who breastfeed their babies; it also increases prolactin levels and helps increase the infant’s weight.
Copyright (c) 2021 Revista Médica Vallejiana https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Strategies to improve mental health in the face of confinement by COVID-19 in university students
Introduction: Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, containment measures were taken, including confinement that negatively affected the mental health, a situation that forced the establishment of strategies. Objective: to determine the strategies to improve mental health of confinement, to know all the strategies that are most prevalent in use and to establish which are the most used. Methodology: review of the literature in the databases PUBMED, SCIELO, GOOGLE SCHOLAR, obtaining 40 articles: 34 cross-sectional observational, 4 longitudinal observational and 2 opinion articles. Results: 14 coping strategies were determined, grouped into 3 categories: cognitive, behavioural and emotional. Conclusions: The most prevalent strategies were active, positive rethinking at a cognitive level, problem-focused coping: level, and affective support: emotional.
Post-COVID sequelae in mental health: a narrative review
Background: The emergence of COVID-19 and its evolution to the global pandemic brought negative consequences holistically in people, which includes the affectation of mental health with a prevalence of anxious and depressive symptomatology. Objective: Our study performs a narrative review of published studies on post-covid sequelae in mental health. We performed a narrative review of published studies on post-coital sequelae in mental health. Method: A narrative review was performed using PubMed Literature Search (January 01, 2020, to May 15, 2021). A review by title and abstract, and full text, was performed to include articles in the study. Results and discussion: A total of 12 studies were entered into our review. The studies reported that around 50% of the patients infected by Covid-19 presented mental sequelae, with the first place being occupied by anxiety, with phobic anxiety being a type of anxiety described in several participants; in second place was depression, and in a certain percentage a combined prevalence of these two pathologies was found. In addition, loneliness and hopelessness were identified as risk factors in mental health effects, which holistically affects people who are still in the process of recovery, interfering with their daily activities. Conclusions: We found a high tendency of patients with anxiety and depression post-COVID-19, and a combination of both in a large number of cases. Our study allows us to identify possible gaps in knowledge that require further research since the literature is still limited in the area of post-COVID sequelae studies in mental health.
Antibiotic activity of Eucalyptus globulus against Gram positive bacteria: a review article
Eucalyptus spp. is an ancestral plant with a long history in Peru, used for medicinal purposes. The study of the antibacterial activity of Eucalyptus globulus is based on the need to provide alternatives to the use of conventional antibacterials that, over time, have often been limited by the different sensitivity profiles due to the antimicrobial resistance of different pathogens causing bacterial infectious diseases. This study is generated through a nonsystematic literature search, with the objective of discussing the available evidence regarding the possible use of Eucalyptus globulus as an antibacterial agent. It is concluded that information has been found that would suggest a potential antibacterial activity, which is exerted by the essential oil because it is composed in a large percentage by eucalyptus which is presumed to be responsible for this activity. Likewise, it is important to consider the adverse effects in order to evaluate the extraction methods and improve the safety profile by taking advantage of the properties of the plant.
Altered executive function domains in borderline personality disorder: a review of the literature
Introduction: Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is a serious mental illness characterized by the presence of heterogeneous clinical patterns related to unstable emotions, impulsivity and difficulty in relating to others. Some association between this disorder and neuropsychological functions has been described. Among them, research on executive function and its relationship with the clinical symptoms present in patients with BPD requires a more detailed and systematic study. Objective: To determine the dimensions of executive functioning that are altered in borderline personality disorder from the systematic review of scientific literature. For this, a review of articles indexed in Scopus, PubMed and Scielo was carried out; 13 studies were found that met the inclusion criteria, with a total of 738 participants. Results: 85% of these studies showed that there is a deficit in certain domains of EF in people with BPD in contrast to other groups. 23% (n = 3) had an adequate level of significance in relation to the deficit in inhibition capacity. On the other hand, in 23% (of the studies) low scores were found in problem solving; and the same percentage was also attributed to disability in the domains of planning and decision making. Conclusions: Planning, problem solving and decision making are the domains of executive function that are most affected in BPD. Controversies were found regarding the deficit in the inhibition and flexibility domains, which could be associated with the characteristics of impulsivity and emotional dysregulation in BPD; however, the studies are not conclusive.
Colchicine efficacy in COVID-19 patients: a narrative review
COVID-19 has caused millions of deaths worldwide in just over a year. Although the mechanisms involved are not fully understood, several studies have reported a large inflammatory component, with subsequent uncontrolled release of cytokines (cytokine storm). The lack of specific proven therapies against this disease has led to the evaluation of the usefulness of safe and easily accessible drugs with an anti-inflammatory effect such as colchicine. We conducted a narrative review of the efficacy of colchicine on the main adverse clinical outcomes in patients with COVID-19. We include 13 recently published studies in the main databases. We conclude that, in non-hospitalized COVID-19 patients, colchicine could reduce mortality, the risk of requiring hospitalization and mechanical ventilation. While, in hospitalized patients with COVID-19, colchicine is not associated with a reduction in mortality, the need for mechanical ventilation, or the length of hospital stay. Neither has colchicine been shown to have a “prophylactic” role.
Frequency of atopic dermatitis and its epidemiological characteristics in children aged 6 to 7 years in the urban center of the District of Lambayeque-Perú
OBJECTIVE: To estimate the frequency of atopic dermatitis (AD) and its epidemiological characteristics in children aged 6 to 7 years in the center of the District of Lambayeque. METHODOLOGY: Quantitative observational, crosssectional, descriptive study, I evaluated 143 children aged 6 to 7 years in the center of the District of Lambayeque, the ISAAC questionnaire was applied to measure prevalence and a data collection form. RESULTS: Within the general characteristics of the children, 54.6% of the participants are 6 years old,15.4% had current symptoms of AD and only 6.3% had sleep disturbances once a week. it was found that the use of wool clothing (p=0,036) , synthetic clothing (p=0,035), and having a dog as a pet (p=0.031) could exacerbate AD. CONCLUSION: The frecuency of AD was 15.4% and those variables that had significant statistical association were the presence of a pet at home(dog), and the use of wool and synthetic clothing.
Anxiety, strategies and resources for coping of health workers on the first line covid-19 of the first level of care, Cajamarca, 2021
The COVID 19 pandemic causes a serious disorder to the health system throughout the world, with a great effect on mental health in those who provide health services, one of the manifestations being anxiety; The magnitude of this problem in the health workers of the first level of care in Cajamarca is unknown, so a cross-sectional descriptive study is carried out with the objective of describing the anxiety, coping strategies and support resources that workers prefer.To a sample of 122 health workers (95% CI), a questionnaire is applied that collects data regarding the characteristics of health workers and health establishments; A GAD-7 test is administered to screen for anxiety and a questionnaire on coping strategies and support resources with rating scales. The prevalence of anxiety symptoms is 54.1%; corresponding to mild (32.8%), moderate and severe (10.7% respectively). 92.6% use at least one or more coping strategies, 95.9% have some level of interest in one or more proposed support resources; anxiety is more frequent in those who are interested in at least one support resource and independently in 3 of these (P <0.05). Concluding that during the COVID-19 pandemic there is a high prevalence of anxiety, one in 5 health workers requires intervention from a mental health specialist due to symptoms of moderate and severe anxiety, the majority use coping strategies and have preferences for support resources proposed
Comparative study of the inhibitory effect of erythromycin, amoxicillin and sulfametoxazol – trimetoprim with the water extract of Aloe vera and its minimum inhibitory concentration on Staphylococcus aureus
Objective: The present work was oriented to determine the inhibitory effect of the aqueous extract of Aloe vera (aloe) against strains of Staphylococcus aureus and compare its activity with erythromycin, amoxicillin and sulfamethoxazole – trimethoprim. Material and Methods: The research was prospective, transversal, comparative and experimental, being the study group of 10 strains from hospitalized patients. Aloe vera leaves (pencas) were selected and the pulp that was used to prepare the aqueous extract at concentrations of 500, 800 and 1000 mg/ mL was extracted, as well as concentrations of 10, 20 and 30 ug / mL of the antibiotics and faced 10 strains of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from clinical samples (pharyngeal secretions), using the Kirby – Bauer disk diffusion technique. Results: The results obtained showed that the aqueous extract of Aloe vera has inhibitory activity on strains of Staphylococcus aureus which were sensitive in 30 % as was sulfamethoxazole – trimethoprim; on the other hand, antibiotics such as erythromycin inhibited 80 % of the strains, followed by amoxicillin with 60 % of the strains. The comparative study of the activity of the different antibiotics revealed that there are differences in the behavior of the strains against the antibiotics and against each of the treatments used, that is to say that the higher the concentration, the greater the inhibition power of the antibiotics. Conclusion: The aqueous extract of Aloe vera is an alternative for the treatment of Staphylococcus aureus infections. It is suggested that comparative studies be carried out taking into account that the strains are taken from samples of both in-hospital and out-ofhospital patients.
Changes in contraception after intervention of an information, education and training project without letters (IEC) in rural areas of the Peruvian jungle
Objectives: To determine the variation of fertility and the use of contraceptive methods in a population intervened by the project promotion and training without letters in reproductive health (IEC without letters) with a gender perspective. Design: Impact Study. Place: Native areas of the Peruvian jungle, Pebas, Yanashi, Pucaurquillo and Santo Tomás. Institution: Inppares. Participants: users of reproductive health services in health facilities, illiterate or semi-illiterate (20 and 35 years old). Interventions. 3 years of intervention with Inppares IEC strategies throughout the area. Procedures: Personal interview. Material and Methods: Study by survey. Statistic analysis. Contingency tables and bar graph pre and post-intervention. Results: The use of contraceptive methods was 76 percent of the users, the Pucaurquillo sector is the one with the highest prevalence of method use (92.9%), and Santo Tomás (52.9%). 76 percent of the users in the four study sectors use some method, previously only 65 did. Contrasting the final data, it was found that the most used method is Depoprovera (68.6%), which has increased regarding the baseline (23.2%); the pill that slightly increases its coverage (from 21.6 to 25%), and the other methods show little relevant changes. Conclusion: Three-quarters of the interviewees who go to reproductive health services have the Injectable and the pill as the most widely used method. Regarding continuity, it was observed that more than half of the users continue with the contraceptive method they started, while a third of them changed to another.
Teleconsultation during the COVID-19 pandemic: the challenges of a new alternative in health care
Family Medicine in Peru: experiences and remembrance
In the Residence of Family Medicine we learn to recognize the sick as people and not as a set of conditions, to interact with people globally in their different life cycles, to solve almost all of the consultation in Care Primary (CP) and congruently reduce the number of references; being thus, a specialty oriented in the CP, offers integral surveillance to the patient and his family in the surroundings of the community, which in our country began in 1989. The exercise of Family Medicine demands a swap of the biomedical model to the biopsychosocial and hold on supports such as being full, continuous, coordinated in the assistance and advice to the family. At present, this subject, like the CP in health, is more important than before.
Copyright (c) 2020 Revista Médica Vallejiana https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Peruvian caste doctors between bourbon reformism and independence
In this work we will make it known that not all African mulattos, zambos, or descendants were excluded from colonial social life. They participated in society through the exercise of the arts of medicine, providing their services to heal both indigent people in the hospitals of San Bartolomé and San Andrés, and in private consultations with the ruling elite. They also established themselves as surgeons in the army during the anti-revolutionary campaigns of the late 18th century and were among the first to make their anatomical observations known by writing in the prestigious Peruvian Mercury of the Lovers of the Country Society.
Epidemics and health conditions in Perú: the demographic collapse of the 16th century, a historical perspective
During the colonial era, the successive epidemics, in addition to causing the drastic depopulation of various areas of the country, allowed the reorganization of the territory for the benefit of the conquerors and their heirs, creating estates or large estates that exploited the territory and the indigenous labor force. The spanish were clear: without indigenous labor it was impossible to maintain their dominance in Perú.
Scientific production of level III health institutions in Scopus. La Libertad Region. Perú, 2010 – 2019
Objective: To analyze the scientific production in Scopus of the level III health institutions in the La Libertad Region in Perú during the period 2010-2019. Material and Methods: A bibliometric analysis of the scientific production of the health institutions of the third level of attention of the La Libertad Region in Perú during the years 2010 - 2019 having as a reference source the information from the Scopus bibliographic database. They were included: Trujillo Regional Teaching Hospital (TRTH), Belén de Trujillo Hospital (BTH), Víctor Lazarte Echegaray Hospital (VLEH) and Virgen de la Puerta High Complexity Hospital (VPHCH). Results: No institutional affiliation record was found for HBT. HRDT had the highest scientific production with 33 articles, followed by VLEH and VPHCH with 6 and 5 publications respectively. The most frequent subject area was medicine, in the same way the original articles, according to type of document. According to the country of origin of the journals where the academic manuscripts were published, Spain, Perú and Chile, ranked first 3 with 10, 6 and 5 scientific articles respectively. Conclusion: According to the affiliation established by the authors during the study period, the scientific production of level III health institutions in the La Libertad Region is low, with HRDT being the hospital with the largest number of academic publications; however, there is a progressive upward trend.
Epistemological and ontological approach of physiology
Epistemology and ontology are philosophical disciplines that allow us to understand scientific thinking. Physiology has developed thanks to the philosophical and scientific interaction, from ancient Greek doctors to modern physiologists, such as Claude Bernard, and contemporaries. Our science uses systemic thinking, elucidated thanks to von Bertalanffy's General System Theory, and has developed to a systemic – complex – interpretative approach.
Embryo process and hatching of Ascaris suum
The following photographic sequence of the embryo process of A. suum is presented, which was carried out after obtaining adult females extracted from the intestines of infected pigs slaughtered at a local slaughterhouse in the city of Trujillo, La Libertad, Peru. The eggs being extracted from the uterus of the females were decorticated with 0,1 N sodium hydroxide for 15 minutes and then washed with physiological saline and then placed in vials with sterile distilled water at 25 ° C, to follow the sequence embryo. The following images were taken in the Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology of the Faculty of Health Sciences of the Cesar Vallejo University, using the Leica ICC50 microscope with integrated camera.
Ectopic pregnancy is a life-threatening pathology that occurs in 1-2% of all pregnancies. The most frequent ectopic implantation site is the fallopian tube, less than 10% is implanted in the cervix, ovary, myometrium, distal part of the tube, abdominal cavity or within the caesarean section. When the presentation is carried out in the ovary, it represents 3% of all ectopic pregnancies, however, an increase in its incidence worldwide has been found. They usually present with vaginal bleeding, abdominal pain and shock data. This is a case that goes to the service of medicine with little specific symptomatology, which is subsequently performed ultrasound and pregnancy test with positive results for the suspected diagnosis. An emergency laparotomy is performed where trophoblastic remains are evidenced in the left ovary and hemoperitoneum. The pathology report reported the presence of trophoblastic remains of the first trimester, confirming the suspected diagnosis.
Definition of obesity: beyond the body mass index
Obesity is one of the main contemporary public health problems, it has been associated in its genesis with psychosocial and behavioral variations, while obesity is related to various non-infectious diseases such as diabetes mellitus type 2 (DM2), arterial hypertension (AH), alterations of the musculoskeletal system and various neoplasms. Traditionally, obesity has been evaluated and classified according to body mass index (BMI), however, this evaluation is nonspecific because it does not discriminate body composition, so it is currently considered to define obesity based on body resistance to the passage of a low intensity alternating electric current, the electrical impedance.
Antifungal effect of Copaifera paupera oil-resin compared to fluconazole on Candida albicans: an in vitro study
Objective: To evaluate the antifungal effectiveness of the oil – resin Copaifera paupera compared with fluconazol in Candida albicans. Material and Methods: It applied dilution techniques in solid milieu Tween 80 and diffusion in well by Kirby-Bauer’s technique in Agar Müeller-Hinton. It used strains ATCC 66027 of Candida albicans and the oil-resin of Copaifera paupera in concentration of 50 %, 25 % and 12,5 %. It established fluconazol (150 ug,) as positive control and Tween 80 as negative control. The hatching it made in 35 ± 2° C and the readings until 72 hours. Results: There weren’t halo’s formation of inhibition in Candida albicans strains in different dilutions of Copaifera paupera, Copaifera paupera + Tween 80 and Tween 80, in different from fluconazol with 150 ug it obtained one mean of 40 mm, its deviate with the mean of 1,56 mm and a range interquartile of 2 mm considering also the maximum and minimum value of 43 and 38 mm respectively. Conclusion: The Copaifera paupera is not effective as antifungal in Candida albicans, compared with fluconazol.
Antimicrobial effect of the ethanolic extract of Caesalpinia spinosa "tara" on Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 compared to erythromycin
Objective: To evaluate the antimicrobial effect of ethanol extract of Caesalpinia spinosa "tara" fruit (including the skin), on strains of Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 compared to erythromycin in an in vitro study. Material and Methods: An experimental design was carried out with multiple post-test repetitions. The growth of microorganisms was observed in Petri-dishes. The ethanol extract was obtained by the method of filtration and maceration and for the antimicrobial susceptibility test, the Kirby-Bauer diffusion disk method was used. The ethanol extract of Caesalpinia spinosa "Tara" fruit (including the skin) was diluted at concentrations of 25 %, 50 %, 75 %, and 100 %. Erythromycin (500 mg), was set as a positive control and alcohol as the negative control. Incubation was carried out at 37° C and readings taken over a period of 24 hours. Results: According to the post ANOVA Tukey-test it can be observed that the major effect is provided by erythromycin (21,32 mm) followed by the dilution at 100 % (13,5 mm) and as the third-most-effective the dilution at 25 %, while 50 % and 75% were equal in terms of efficacy (ANOVA, p = 0,000). Conclusion: Treatment with erythromycin proved to be more effective and the ethanolic extract of Caesalpinia spinosa had lower effectiveness.